There are around 1.3 million Sudanese refugees currently residing in Cairo, many of whom fled the ongoing civil war that erupted in Sudan in April 2023. These individuals sought safety and hope in Egypt, only to find themselves facing a myriad of challenges in their new environment.
Harsh Realities for Refugees
The civil conflict in Sudan has resulted in a staggering death toll, with reports claiming at least 150,000 lives lost and nearly 4.5 million people forced to flee the country. While many seek refuge in neighboring nations such as Chad, South Sudan, Libya, and Egypt, the conditions they encounter can be devastating. The World Health Organization has identified this conflict as one of the most severe humanitarian crises worldwide, leaving countless refugees grappling with trauma and uncertainty in their new homes.
Challenges in the Host Country
Upon arriving in Egypt, many Sudanese find themselves subjected to racism and discrimination. The United Nations has noted an alarming increase in arbitrary arrests and human rights violations against Sudanese nationals since late 2025, leading to a significant rise in deportations. Such deportations have reportedly occurred without adequate evaluations to determine whether these individuals face risks of torture or other harm in Sudan. This environment of fear and uncertainty compels many refugees to weigh their options, often contemplating a treacherous journey across the Mediterranean in search of a better life in Europe.
A Perilous Quest for Safety
Nadir, a 26-year-old Sudanese refugee, recounted his harrowing experiences in Egypt. After being physically attacked because of his skin color, he expressed a sense of despair, stating, “Here in Egypt, you are confined like a criminal.” He has already attempted the dangerous passage to Italy via Libya, a journey during which he and his companions were kidnapped by smugglers and held captive for seven months. Tragically, one of his closest friends did not survive this ordeal.
Struggles with Living Conditions and Employment
For those who remain in Cairo, life is a constant struggle. Sudanese refugees often face significant barriers to housing, with many landlords perceiving them as opportunities for quick financial gain rather than as individuals in need of assistance. Yassin, a 23-year-old caring for his younger sisters, highlighted the financial strain faced by many refugees, stating, “The money we receive to support ourselves is almost entirely spent on rent.” This harsh economic reality forces many into informal labor markets, where they often accept low-paying jobs without legal protections, making them vulnerable to exploitation.
Despite these dire circumstances, refugees like Yassin express a desire to contribute to the host nation’s economy. However, the lack of legal status severely restricts their opportunities, leaving them in a state of limbo. With the responsibilities of family weighing heavily upon them, many Sudanese continue to grapple with the harsh realities of life in Cairo, making calculated decisions to minimize risk in an environment fraught with uncertainty.